George Rogers Clark in the American Revolution

George Rogers Clark in the American Revolution An outstanding official during the American Revolution (1775-1783), Brigadier General George Rogers Clark earned popularity for his adventures against the British and Native Americans in the Old Northwest. Conceived in Virginia, he prepared as an assessor before getting associated with the local army during Lord Dunmores War in 1774. As the war with the British initiated and assaults on American pioneers along the outskirts increased, Clark acquired consent to lead a power west into present-day Indiana and Illinois to kill British bases in the region.â Moving out in 1778, Clarks men led a challenging effort that saw them assume responsibility for key posts at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes. The latter was caught following the Battle of Vincennes which saw the Clark use fraud to help in convincing the British to give up. Named the Conqueror of the Old Northwest, his victories fundamentally debilitated British impact in the area.â Early Life George Rogers Clark was conceived November 19, 1752, at Charlottesville, VA. The child of John and Ann Clark, he was the second of ten kids. His most youthful sibling, William, would later pick up distinction as the co-pioneer of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Around 1756, with the strengthening of the French Indian War, the family left the wilderness for Caroline County, VA. In spite of the fact that to a great extent taught at home, Clark did quickly go to Donald Robertsons school alongside James Madison. Prepared as an assessor by his granddad, he originally went into western Virginia in 1771. After a year, Clark squeezed further west and made his first outing to Kentucky. Assessor Showing up through the Ohio River, he went through the following two years studying the zone around Kanawha River and teaching himself on the locales Native American populace and its traditions. During his time in Kentucky, Clark saw the region changing as the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix had opened it to settlement. This convergence of pilgrims prompted expanding strains with the Native Americans the same number of clans from north of the Ohio River utilized Kentucky as a chasing ground. Made a skipper in the Virginia local army in 1774, Clark was getting ready for an endeavor to Kentucky when battling ejected between the Shawnee and pilgrims on the Kanawha. These threats at last advanced into Lord Dunmores War. Participating, Clark was available at the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774, which finished the contention in the pioneers favor. With the finish of the battling, Clark continued his reviewing exercises. Turning into a Leader As the American Revolution started in the east, Kentucky confronted its very own emergency. In 1775, land theorist Richard Henderson finished up the illicit Treaty of Watauga by which he bought a lot of western Kentucky from the Native Americans. In doing as such, he would have liked to frame a different settlement known as Transylvania. This was restricted by numerous individuals of the pilgrims in the zone and in June 1776, Clark and John G. Jones were dispatched to Williamsburg, VA to look for help from the Virginia council. The two men would have liked to persuade Virginia to officially stretch out its limits west to remember the settlements for Kentucky. Meeting with Governor Patrick Henry, they persuaded him to make Kentucky County, VA and got military supplies to shield the settlements. Before leaving, Clark was designated a significant in the Virginia volunteer army. The American Revolution Moves West Getting back, Clark saw battling increase between the pilgrims and Native Americans. The last were supported in their endeavors by the Lieutenant Governor of Canada, Henry Hamilton, who gave arms and supplies. As the Continental Army came up short on the assets to ensure the district or mount an attack of the Northwest, resistance of Kentucky was left to the pioneers. Accepting that the best way to end Native American strikes into Kentucky was to assault British fortresses north of the Ohio River, explicitly Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and Cahokia,â Clark mentioned consent from Henry to lead an endeavor against foe posts in the Illinois Country. This was conceded and Clark was elevated to lieutenant colonel and coordinated to raise troops for the mission. Approved to enroll a power of 350 men, Clark and his officials tried to pull men from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. These endeavors gave troublesome due to contending labor needs and a bigger discussion with respect to whether Kentucky ought to be protected or cleared. Kaskaskia Get-together men at Redstone Old Fort on the Monongahela River, Clark eventually set out with 175 men in mid-1778. Descending the Ohio River, they caught Fort Massac at the mouth of the Tennessee River before moving overland to Kaskaskia (Illinois). Overwhelming the occupants, Kaskaskia fell without a shot discharged on July 4. Cahokia was caught five days after the fact by a separation drove by Captain Joseph Bowman as Clark moved back east and a power was sent ahead to involve Vincennes on the Wabash River. Worried by Clarks progress, Hamilton left Fort Detroit with 500 men to overcome the Americans. Descending the Wabash, he effectively retook Vincennes which was renamed Fort Sackville. Back to Vincennes With winter drawing closer, Hamilton discharged a significant number of his men and settled in with an army of 90. Discovering that Vincennes had tumbled from Francis Vigo, an Italian hide broker, Clark concluded that dire activity was required in case the British be in a situation to recover the Illinois Country in the spring. Clark set out on a challenging winter battle to retake the station. Walking with around 170 men, they persevered through serious rains and flooding during the 180-mile walk. As an additional safety measure, Clark likewise dispatched a power of 40 men in succession kitchen to forestall a British departure down the Wabash River. Triumph at Fort Sackville Showing up at Fort Sackville on February 23, 1780, Clark isolated his power in two providing order of the other section to Bowman. Utilizing territory and move to fool the British into accepting their power numbered around 1,000 men, the two Americans made sure about the town and assembled an entrenchment before the fortifications entryways. Starting to shoot at the fortification, they constrained Hamilton to give up the following day. Clarks triumph was commended all through the states and he was hailed as the hero of the Northwest. Gaining by Clarks achievement, Virginia quickly made a case for the whole locale naming it Illinois County, VA. Kept Fighting Understanding that the danger to Kentucky must be killed by the catch of Fort Detroit, Clark campaigned for an assault on the post. His endeavors bombed when he couldn't raise enough men for the mission. Looking to recapture the ground lost to Clark, a blended British-Native American power drove by Captain Henry Bird attacked south in June 1780. This was followed in August by a retaliatory attack north by Clark which struck Shawnee towns in Ohio. Elevated to brigadier general in 1781, Clark again endeavored to mount an assault on Detroit, yet fortifications sent to him for the crucial crushed in transit. Later Service In one of the last activities of the war, Kentucky local army was severely beaten at the Battle of Blue Licks in August 1782. As the senior military official in the locale, Clark was scrutinized for the destruction regardless of the reality he had not been available at the fight. Again fighting back, Clark assaulted the Shawnee along the Great Miami River and won the Battle of Piqua. With the finish of the war, Clark was delegated director assessor and accused of looking over land awards given to Virginian veterans. He likewise attempted to help arrange the Treaties of Fort McIntosh (1785) and Finney (1786) with the clans north of the Ohio River. In spite of these conciliatory endeavors, strains between the pioneers and Native Americans in the locale kept on raising prompting the Northwest Indian War. Entrusted with driving a power of 1,200 men against the Native Americans in 1786, Clark needed to forsake the exertion because of a lack of provisions and the revolt of 300 men. In the wake of this bombed exertion, gossipy tidbits coursed that Clark had been drinking intensely during the crusade. Angered, he requested that an official request be made to deny these bits of gossip. This solicitation was declined by the Virginia government and he was rather reproached for his activities. Last Years Withdrawing Kentucky, Clark settled in Indiana close to introduce day Clarksville. Following his turn, he was tormented by monetary challenges as he had financed huge numbers of his military battles with advances. In spite of the fact that he looked for repayment from Virginia and the government, his cases were declined in light of the fact that lacking records existed to prove his cases. For his wartime administrations Clark had been granted enormous land awards, a large number of which he was eventually compelled to move to loved ones to forestall seizure by his leasers. With scarcely any residual choices, Clark offered his administrations to Edmond-Charles Genã ªt, the diplomat of progressive France, in February 1793. Delegated a significant general by Genã ªt, he was requested to shape an endeavor for drive the Spanish from the Mississippi Valley. After expressly financing the endeavors supplies, Clark had to surrender the exertion in 1794 when President George Washington restricted American residents from disregarding the countries lack of bias. Mindful of Clarks plans, he took steps to dispatch US troops under Major General Anthony Wayne to square it. With minimal decision yet to desert the mission, Clark came back to Indiana where his banks denied him of everything except a little plot of land. For rest of his life, Clark invested quite a bit of his energy working a gristmill. Enduring an extreme stroke in 1809, he fell into a fire and gravely consumed his leg requiring its removal. Unfit to think about himself, he moved in with his sibling in

Peace Building and Community Development Essay Example for Free

Harmony Building and Community Development Essay Network improvement is a multi-faceted action that has various closures. It additionally has various prerequisites relying upon the requirements of individuals inside the network. Advancement can be accomplished through continuing little and medium organizations, guaranteeing instruction for all, overseeing consideration and decent variety, maintaining harmony and control, and making extensive catastrophe the executives. Through these, a network can be supportable. Harmony and request is a significant part of network improvement. Without harmony and request, it is difficult to join the individuals from the network and uphold other maintainability ventures. It will likewise be hard for the network to succeed if bedlam is across the board. Organizations will die and financial specialists will be slippery. This shows harmony building is significant for a network. As indicated by Maiese (2003), the United Nations characterized harmony working as a transaction of â€Å"capacity building, compromise, and cultural transformation†. For different associations, the transient objectives are more evidentâ€peace building spins around advancing harmony in a prompt circumstance. Looking back, in spite of the inconsistency, the two definitions are valid. They additionally help make the entire idea of harmony working for networks. Harmony building can focus on settling current issues between constituents. It includes directing by specialists or different individuals from the network to keep up comprehension between parties. Then again, it is additionally making a general public where the constituents are instructed and changed with the goal that they don't just know harmony yet additionally lives harmony. In these terms, instruction assumes a vital job. This makes a network which isn't just subject to middle people yet with self-guideline of harmony also. At long last, a network loaded up with harmony adoring residents is where harmony has been constructed.

Two castle Builders

Two castle Builders Hot sun. Salty air. Rhythmic waves.A little boy is on his knees scooping and packing the sand with plastic shovels into a bright blue bucket. Then he upends the bucket on the surface and lifts it. And, to the delight of the little architect, a castle tower is created.All afternoon he will work. Spooning out the moat. Packing the walls. Bottle tops will be sentries. Popsicle sticks will be bridges. A sandcastle will be built. Big city. Busy streets. Rumbling traffic.A man is in his office. At his desk he shuffles papers into stacks and delegates assignments. He cradles the phone on his shoulder and punches the keyboard with his fingers. Numbers are juggled and contracts are signed and much to the delight of the man, a profit is made.All his life he will work. Formulating the plans. Forecasting the future. Annuities will be sentries. Capital gains will be bridges. An empire will be built.Two builders of two castles. They have much in common. They shape granules into grandeurs. They se e nothing and make something. They are diligent and determined. And for both the tide will rise and the end will come.Yet that is where the similarities cease. For the boy sees the end while the man ignores it. Watch the boy as the dusk approaches.As the waves near, the wise child jumps to his feet and begins to clap. There is no sorrow. No fear. No regret. He knew this would happen. He is not surprised. And when the great breaker crashes into his castle and his masterpiece is sucked into the sea, he smiles. He smiles, picks up his tools, takes his fathers hand, and goes home.The grownup, however, is not so wise. As the wave of years collapses on his castle he is terrified. He hovers over the sandy monument to protect it. He blocks the waves from the walls he has made. Salt-water soaked and shivering he snarls at the incoming tide.Its my castle, he defies.The ocean need not respond. Both know to whom the sand belongsI dont know much about sandcastles. But children do. Watch them and learn. Go ahead and build, but build with a childs heart. When the sun sets and the tides take applaud. Salute the process of life and go home.Author Unknown

Should Prayer Be Allowed School - 1623 Words

Research has found that there is a correlation between those that feel the federal government is too powerful and those that would agree that prayer should be allowed in school. On the flip side to that those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preference or their belief that government should not have enough power to interfere in the religious beliefs of citizens. The flipside to that is that those on the†¦show more content†¦Most individuals on the liberal spectrum tend to agree with the courts when it declared government sponsored prayers are unconstitutional. The less conservative individuals show a tendency to believe that any amendment that allows for voluntary prayer would contradict the first amendment guarantee against government establishment of religion. Most on the liberal spectrum or those that feel the government does not have enough power feel that any sort of Government action to allow voluntary prayer in schools could be at the cost of the civil rights of students. It is believed that any amendment or law consenting for voluntary prayer would diminish the very heart of the Bill of Rights; which protects the rights of people from the oppression from the majority. Those that do not allow or want to allow prayer in school think that any amendment affirming that prayer should be allowed in school would actually introduce assembled prayer or force persons into prayer. Those that clash with prayer in school fear that judgement against those that do not participate in school prayer. Those in the small percentage that do not want to participate would be obligated to follow to a belief or ritual that which the y do not believe. This could cause the individual to suffer the humiliation or burden of submitting a day-to-day spiritual exercise continuously in order to avoid being singled out by mainstream colleagues and educators. Grafton, C., Show MoreRelatedEssay on School Prayer Should Be Allowed729 Words   |  3 Pages School Prayer Should Be Allowed I attended twelve years of Catholic School. My parents consented to the decision of my enrollment and they knew what was involved. They knew that the study of God and prayer was mandatory. Prayer in school in my case produced and environment of discipline and respect for the teachers. The involvement of my parents and the faculty in the use of prayer was in full agreement. However, my view was not even considered important. My rights had been violated. The FirstRead MoreEssay on Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools1727 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. The issue of school prayer is about whether the public school systems should let the students pray, at the start of the school day, as a class. The issue of school prayer began in the late sixteenth century when people in England did not approve of the way one religion was forced upon them, so the Puritans, known as the Pilgrims decided to come to the colonies. Even in the colonies theRead MoreEssay on Prayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. This issue has been a problem since America was first founded, in that the country was founded on religious beliefs. The Pilgrims wanted to be able to express their beliefs freely, but in England this freedom was not found, so they decided to come to the Americas, where their beliefs could be expressed freely. As time passed they realized that having this kind of freedomRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Prayer in Public Schools Essay698 Words   |  3 PagesMany people agree against prayer in public schools, while others think that people should be able to express their religion in their own ways. In public schools, they are not allowed to hold prayers at all during the school day due to the mixed religion students that are attending the school. Over the past few years, this has become an extremely controversial issue in our nation. Many people find it proper to pray in school but many people also agree that it is extremely wrong and that if thereRead MoreReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesReligion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taughtRead MorePrayer in Schools Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public School There are many different philosophies regarding prayer in public school. It seems to be a difficult issue to decide upon. The opinions are wide-ranging and convoluted. This paper will attempt to highlight the many ideas and opinions as to whether prayers in public school should be allowed and to what extent. It will further show how our founders idea of a separate church and state has been taken out of context and why prayer in school should be allowed, but not requiredRead MoreThe Issue of School Prayer1009 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of school prayer has been a thorny one in the United States for many years now. In the beginning of the nineteenth century readings of the Bible and prayer were common practices in public schools. However prayer was banned in 1962 due to claims that it was violating the First Amendment right that the government was not allowed to support religion, and from then on the Supreme Court has ruled against any and all forms of prayer in schools. Schoo ls cannot however ban students from prayingRead MorePosition Paper1680 Words   |  7 PagesPosition Paper Introduction Looking back over the past two hundred and seven years, every session of the United States Senate has been opened with a prayer. Doing so has reaffirmed the Senates faith that God is the Sovereign Lord of our Nation. Barry C. Black currently serves as the spiritual advisor and counselor for the United States Senate with the title of Chaplin. Over the years, this position has ranged from part time, to now a full time position (United States Senate, 2011). EverRead MoreEssay on Prayer in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools An issue that has been constantly debated for years is whether voluntary prayer in public schools should be permitted. A student should be allowed to pray voluntarily at the beginning of each school day based on many reasons. Prayer based on moral beliefs reinforce good citizenship as defined by our forefathers. A daily reminder of a need for the belief of good over evil is a necessary part of this society. Daily voluntary school prayer should be re-instated in publicRead More Religion in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers Essay examples1161 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers    Censorship is a very broad topic.   Is it good or bad?   Often, we ask ourselves if such things need to exist because of the First Amendment right.   It states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.   (Amendments

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Starbucks Structure Free Essays

Starbuck’s Structure MGT 330 Jerry Simpson August 20, 2012 We all live in a world or businesses and organizations. Our day to day lives are dependent on large public organizations, small businesses, well-known private companies or even voluntary groups. The ways these organizations are structured varies a lot and even in the same business categories companies/organizations differ a lot. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now initially started in 1971 as a very small structure, run by three partners in a small shop in Seattle. By that time the company then was simply selling whole bean and ground coffee but after taking over the operation of Starbucks in 1987, Schultz decided to expand the company’s business, which has now shops all around the world. In a generic way, it is possible to say that an organizations structure describes the way tasks are divided supervised, and coordinated. The first one is the size and age. A small and young company usually has a very simple structure but complexity and formality increase with size or age. Then we have the core process which must be aligned with structure so as to avoid important disruptions in daily operations. The structure of an organization also has to adapt itself to the environment. While a stable structure might be more easily addressed with an organization with a simple structure, an unstable and turbulent one will be, surely, more suited to an adaptable structure. Strategies and goals stand for others imperatives, structure and process must be both flexible as to adjust themselves to change. As for Starbucks, the best structural configuration for a company of this magnitude would be a divisional structure. This is due to the large size of the company, as well as the multi-market and multi-product offerings of the Starbucks Corporation. Though it must be noted that among the many weaknesses of the divisional structure is the duplication of activities and the potential for counter productive, inter-market competition for customers. What this means is Starbucks could end up competing against themselves essentially for customers which is a waste of resources. This is why it is imperative for Starbucks to implement the divisional structure as effectively as possible. In addition, if Starbucks plans to operate as efficiently as possible, they will be best served to utilize departmentalization by matrix (which is used by high tech firms or multinational companies). This creates circumstances in which maximum flexibility and adaptability in operations as possible. Starbucks employees would then have to be able to adjust to change and accept some role ambiguity as part of the daily routine. The tasks they work on tend to vary. The only constant would be the employee’s functional supervisor. This form of departmentalization should remain the same for stores offering food products and lunch in order to provide commonality amongst stores. This creates brand recognition, not only on the part of the consumers, but also on the part of the employees of the company as well. In that sense we can say that for every structure we can find successful companies. The trick appears to be the balance the manager finds between contingency factors and the organizational structure through which resources are deployed and managed. Moreover, as the result of internal or external changes, every organization, no matter what core or  type, has to restructure at some stage in life. Restructure is more than a fashion, in some cases, is really a matter of survival. Employees of various companies deal with restructuring all of the time. Starbucks has many employment opportunities within its brand and I have chosen to discuss the position of Barista and come up with a job description as well as job specifications for the position. Barista Job Description: The Barista position is an essential job within the Starbucks organization. As a Barista, employees will be expected to: Welcome guests when the walk in to the coffee shop Take the orders of the guest upon request Inform guests of product offerings Inform guests of promotions Make sure the coffee shop is clean and professionally maintained at all times Responsible for making specialty coffees for guests and understanding ingredients used The Barista is the first point of contact for the guests of the Starbucks corporation, so it is essential for all Starbucks barista’s to have a positive attitude and to work with a smile. References Reilly, M. , Minnick, C. , Baack, D. (2011). The five functions of effective management. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. Starbucks Facts (2008), Company Fact Sheet, Starbucks Coffee, Retrieved from http://www. starbucks. com/aboutus/Company_Factsheet. pdf Starbucks Corporation. (2009), International, Retrieved November 6, 2009, from http://www. starbucks. com/default. asp? How to cite Starbucks Structure, Essay examples

Developmental Psychology and Stage free essay sample

Jean Piaget’s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development: At what age do you feel you entered the stage of Formal Operational Thought? Explain the stage briefly and then focus on providing examples of ways your thinking has shifted to indicate you have developed into this stage of reasoning. (For instance, provide an example of how your views of justice or morality have shifted as you’ve matured. ) I believe that I entered the Formal Operational Thought Stage when I was seventeen years old. I was a senior in high school preparing for life after graduation. It was during this time period that I began to formulate plans for my life after high school as well as learning how to think and act come to conclusions for myself. My mind state at this time was how I was going to pay for a college education and still be able to survive on my own. After careful consideration and weighing the pros against the cons it was then that I decided to join the United States Army. 2. Developmental Stage Theory of Erik Erikson: Choose one stage from Erikson’s Developmental Stage Theory and apply it to your own life. Explain the stage, age that it occurs, and how the central challenge of that stage played out in your life. What was the outcome of this stage for you? Did anything happen in your life prior to that stage that affected the outcome? How does the outcome from that stage affect how you are today? Provide specific details that demonstrate your understanding of the stage you choose. I choose the fifth stage Adolescence. Erickson defines this stage as the time in our life when we start to question who we are. He believes that between the ages of 12 and 18 we struggle with identity and role confusion. I believe that this stage in life has a tendency to set the tone of an individual’s life. For me this stage has proved to be the most important part of my life. During this phase in my life I found out that both my parents had very serious addictions and that my siblings and I were going to live with my grandparents. By my grandparents being so old I found myself struggling with role identity the most. While other children my age was outside playing and enjoying their youth I was taking on the role of my younger sibling’s mother. By the time I entered high school I had come to the realization that it was my responsibility and my responsibility only to take care of my little brother and sister. My mother showed no interest in getting help or accepting the fact that she had an addiction and my father had disappeared completely we only heard from him on an irregular basis. So instead of hanging out with my friends or doing tra curricular activities after school I would go straight home cook dinner and help my siblings with their homework all before doing my own homework. When I entered into my junior year in high school I joined the JROTC program which gave me a better understanding of the army. At seventeen I joined the IL Army National Guard. I honestly believe that if it weren’t for the things that happened prior to this stage in my life I wouldn’t have made the decision to join the Army. The events in this stage of my life taught me the true meaning of responsibility as well as what it means to be selfless. It helped me understand what my purpose in life was. I am who I am today because of the life lessons I learned during the phase in my life. I am an awesome mother wife and soldier because of the things I learned during that time period. 3. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Considering the moral or ethical decisions that you have made in your life, describe one decision you made based on one of the three levels of moral development. Be sure to clearly explain the level of moral development and clearly identify the underlying ethical reasoning behind your decision. (For instance, you may explain a decision you made based on Preconventional morality when you were a child, or you may focus on a decision you made from a higher level of development as an adult. ) One decision I have made that aligns with the beliefs of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development occurs during lever one stage one. Kohlberg’s defines this level as a preconceived understanding that those in charges gives us a set of rules that we must obey this stage normally occurs during the early years of development. As a child we were always taught to keep our hands to ourselves to no touch what does not belong to us. Although I was very aware of what the rules were and the consequences of breaking one of those said rules my older brother and I would always sneak into the kitchen in the middle of the night and eat my dad’s peanut butter bars. One night my brother had went to spend the night at his friend’s house and I woke up in the middle of the night and snuck down stairs like I had done numerous nights before. I went into the kitchen and got two peanut butter bars and as I was getting ready to sneak back upstairs to my room I heard my dad coming down the stairs so I hurried up and crawled under the kitchen counter. I was terrified of getting caught because I knew what the consequences were. Both my parents were avid believers in sparing the rod child spoils the child so in a case like this I knew that my punishment would be a whipping. My dad walked around the entire kitchen before going upstairs moments later I heard my mom scream. My dad had woke her up because when he went upstairs and I wasn’t in mom room. They searched the entire house while I hid under the kitchen sink. At this point and time my choices were to come from under the sink and tell them what I had done or continue hiding. Right as I heard my mom say they needed to call the police I panicked and ran from under the sink crying and begging them not to call the police on me. I knew that by sneaking and taking my dad’s peanut butter bars I was breaking the rules but the thought of going to jail because of it was a lot more than what I was prepared to handle. 4. Developmental Milestones: Motor Development. The unfolding of biological potential is known as â€Å"maturation. † Motor skill development in babies is mostly controlled by the process of maturation. Think about a child that you have known (yourself, your own child, a friend or family member). Describe how the child progressed from rolling over, to sitting, standing, and walking. At what age did each milestone occur? Did the development occur in a â€Å"typical† sequence based on what you’ve learned in your text? Is there anything that occurred in the child’s environment that either delayed motor development or facilitated it? What is the difference between â€Å"maturation† and â€Å"learning,† based on your readings and observation? Having three children of my own I have had the great privilege of seeing their motor development. With that being said they all developed completely differently. My oldest had a lot of delays is his motor development. He was born six weeks prematurely and it was said that that was the reason behind his delays. He began rolling over at around six months and didn’t take his first steps until well after his first birthday. My second child developed a lot sooner than the texts suggests is normal. At her ix week check-up she was rolling over from her stomach to her back by her three month check-up she was rolling from her back to her stomach sitting up unsupported and was beginning to pull herself up on things by six months she was taking steps on her own unsupported she never crawled she went straight from pulling herself up to walking. My youngest child is currently seven months and although she is not developing as fast as my second child she does not exhibit and motor developmental delays. She was born six weeks prematurely as well. I do think that since she has older siblings around her that that may have contributed to the speed in her development. It has been my personal experience that when babies are around other children that are more developed then they are on a daily basis they have tendency to develop at a faster speed then children who are in an environment where there aren’t other children around.

Balanced Budget essays

Balanced Budget essays Thomas Jefferson stated, "I place economy among the first and most important virtues, and public debt as the greatest of dangers. To preserve our independence, we must not let our rulers load us with perpetual debt" (Grinsburg 1). This quote illustrates the importance of maintaining a balanced budget; therefore, it is necessary to stand firmly resolved that the government should balance its budget. Three main arguments uphold this premise. They are as follows: 1. It is feasible for the government to balance the budget, 2. A budget deficit harms the United States through creating a trade deficit and increasing the national debt, 3. A balanced budget would benefit the United States by providing extra funds for social programs, tax cuts, and Argument 1: It is feasible for the government to balance its On of January 7, 1998, the U.S. Congressional Budget Office released a budget forecast that "shows the federal budget to be in effective balance, with a projected deficit of just $5 billion this year-a trivial percentage of an estimated $8.5 trillion gross domestic product" (Bartlett 8). The government was able to balance the budget without causing negative complications. This balance came absent of any significant tax increases and/or government cuts in spending. Because the United State's economy has been relatively productive in the past few years, the government was able to balance the budget through an increase in tax revenues. During this time the government was actually able to increase its spending somewhat, while the American people were free from additional tax burdens. In fact, according to the U.S. Treasury Department, "federal revenues are up 10.5% over the same period a year earlier, while spending is up only 3.8%" (Bartlett 6). Essentially, this shows that it is not only possible for the government to balance its budg...

Mary Tudor, essays

Mary Tudor, essays Although through the years Mary Tudor has been named Bloody Mary, she turns out to be one of the kindest Tudors to ever live. Her famed nickname was given to her because of the three hundred (or more) Protestants who were put to death during her reign. (Plowden, p.150) It was also to the amazement of everyone that she actually got to the throne. (Loades, p.3) First of all many considered her an illegitimate child of Henry VIII, and that she in no way deserved the throne. Also the idea of having only a queen solely rule the kingdom brought an upset to many nobles. ( D.M. Loades) Thirdly she was a sickly woman and well past her prime years(she was 37 when she came to the throne). (Plowden, p.137) In Greenwich Palace on February 18, 1516, Mary Tudor was born. (BritainSun.com, p.1)Mary was born to Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. (BritainSun.com, p.1) She was the fifth child to be born to them, but she was the only one of the five to survive past birth. (BritainSun.com, p.1) She wasnt the healthiest of children either, although this wasnt uncommon during this time period. She was often ailed with headaches and poor vision. (BritainSun.com, p.1) Her parents both tried to keep her from becoming ill, they went to extents of drawing out special routes so that when she traveled it would not be near any towns where even rumors of a break out had happened.(Erickson, p.42) Mary had a very nice childhood in terms of comfort and possessions, but in time spent with her parents she was greatly lacking. (Erickson, p.36) Her father at first adored and loved her greatly because of her spunk, sweetness, and her ability to draw the love of all the adults who met her. He even donned her with the nickname of the greatest pearl in the kingdom.(Erickson, p.38) At the age of seventeen her father had his marriage with her mother annulled and he declared Mary illegitimate to the thrown. This c...

Hops and fears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hops and fears - Essay Example The university life is not very smooth especially to the new learners if someone has never familiarized to such an environment. Every student hopes that a course he or she has chosen is the best that any person will ever dream of and the course will lead him or her to success. When joining the Indiana state university everyone believes that, he or she has chosen the best course that could earn him or her good reputation and fame as a role model in the society. Additionally, most students have faith that, when they finish to study their respective courses, they will a get very good jobs related to their area of study. Saris (49) states that, when choosing their courses, most students focus on the prevailing job market conditions about their respective courses in order to achieve their dreams. No one would choose something that would be a stress to him or her therefore, students hope that their areas of specialization is the least stressing and it will create a room for the student to carry out other activities at ease. Therefore, when creating a transition to the university life, most students have much hopes that will assist them achieve their goals in life. However, it is normal for all human beings to feel uncomfortable when they are trying to coupe up with a new environment for instance, when one first joins the campus. Cox (68) states that, on the first few days in the campus, one wonders if he or she will maintain the same excellent performance he or she had back in high school. Since the education in universities is tougher than in high school and someone is among the top performers from various high schools, the person has the reason to fear the competition. Moreover, the universities assign students to their roommates randomly and this is very worrying since no one knows about the character of his or her fellow roommate. Many questions run in some ones head wondering how he or she will adapt to live with a total stranger and tolerate the strangerâ€℠¢s character. Additionally, when someone arrives in the campus amid other students he or she is equally frightened how he or she will make new friends with people he or she has never met before. The new students have a hard time in identifying their ne w best friends who they can cope up with and share similar ideas. Seemingly, a very new university despite its good reputation in the society can stress new students who are adapting to the environment. After around a period of eight weeks most students have adapted to the new environment, some change their hopes and fears depending on the peer influence. Depending on the environment, students start changing he or her courses and choosing others after realizing that the course of his or her choice does not offer what he or she expected in life compared to other courses. A student may also change his or her course when he or she finds out that the course is hard to understand and chooses course that was not part of his or her dreams. S ince by this time the student has identified some of his or her trusted friends, the fears in the campus start subsiding because he or she knows that he or she has somewhere to run into when a problem arises. Most students after adapting to the university environment withdraw their fears and they end up shifting their hopes largely because of peer pressure (Saris 50). By the end of first semester in

Wealth distribution in the PRC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wealth distribution in the PRC - Essay Example This meant that there was no competition in the production process. Government ownership of land also led to inefficient production which led to waste of resources. The last one is the economic collapse of 1970s and 1980s which caused economic decline that previously acted as a way of distributing wealth. Unequal wealth distribution is the situation where the gap between the rich and the poor is reasonably large. The World Bank defines poverty as spending less than one dollar per day. This is a situation which is common with most people who are affected by unequal wealth distribution. In china, unequal wealth distribution has caused a number of negative factors in education, housing, transportation, employment, and human rights (Wang 43). Unequal wealth distribution means that the children of the poor parents cannot get a decent education. They thus turn to government school which are often crowded. In these schools, the government is not able to supply enough classes, teachers, and other infrastructure that are needed for a good learning environment. Public schools are also associated with adverse ratios all facilities which mean the children will not get the necessary skills needed to compete in the world. Therefore, the child will end up failing examinations and thus not proceed to the next level of education. At the end of the day, the child is left without education and thus end up poor as his or her parents. Lack of education will then drive the child to do other ill activities such as crime and drug abuse (Gollier 19). The poor are often said to be living in informal settlement in most countries of the world. This is because they cannot afford the necessary material to put up a decent house. They also have no land where they can practice farming and put a decent house. They thus migrate to the urban centres to search for informal jobs. In urban centres, a decent house is very expensive which the poor cannot afford (Zhong et al 25). They

Psychoanalytic theory and the crisis of masculinity

Psychoanalytic theory and the crisis of masculinity The late 60s saw a rapidly materialising concern about the status of masculinity. Before the 60s it seemed that the idea of masculinity was safe males could be useful within modern capitalist societies, providing for their families and gaining a sense of satisfaction from their place in society. But society began to change, economically, socially and especially in relation to the position of women. The rise of feminism was changing womens attitudes about the way in which they were (and are) treated. In turn this was starting to affect how men viewed themselves. Carroll (2004) explains how in American society the breadwinner ideal was being eroded with support from professional groups including psychologists and cardiologists working all the hours and a constant striving for material wealth might not be good for you. How, asked men, do we define ourselves now? This essay will examine the crisis in masculinity from the point of view of psychoanalysis  ¿Ã‚ ½through the Oedipal compl ex and the cast0tl.QDCOmp,lex and then move onto evidence from social and cultural theories. To examine how masculinity might be in crisis, it is first necessary to examine how psychoanalytical theories posit that boys gain their masculine identity or in other words how they become men. Modern psychoanalytical theory, as did Freud himself, places a great emphasis on the early relationships of the young boy with his parents or caregivers. It is the vicissitudes of these relationships that will have important consequences for development. In Freudian terms, this early relationship is overshadowed by the Oedipal conflict. The mother shows a great interest in the child and the boy realises that his father represents his main rival to this relationship. The boy desires the mother, but the father stands in the way. Attempting to maintain these conflicting influences at some kind of equilibrium is the central drama of development from a psychoanalytical viewpoint. What, then, are the most important processes that occur in early life that influence the construction (or otherwise) of the male identity out of the Oedipal crisis? Greenson (1968) explains that psychoanalytic theory concentrates on the idea of disidentification, this is divided into two processes: firstly a boy must sever the emotional ties he has with the primary caregiver usually the mother and secondly he needs to identify with a male role-model usually the father. The identification with the father should allow the boy to have a way of communicating with the outside world, to tempt the boy away from psychological closeness with the mother and provide the support needed to avoid the boys return to a symbiotic relationship with his mother. The relationship with the mother, then, is seen by Klein (1975) as a delicate balancing act. It proVides a prototype for later relationships with women and so needs to be warm and lOVing, but it is difficult for a man to have relationships with women if he is too close to his mother. Horrocks (1994) argues that, in fact, the male child is surrounded by femininity throughout his early childhood, and it is important for him to break away and discover a world of men for here lie the roots of the male identity. The central paradox, though, is that the man wishes to escape this cocoon of womanhood but there is also the desire to become close to a woman. One danger in this dynamic is that the early influence of the mother is too great and not sufficiently counter-acted by the father this leads to an inability to separate himself from the mother (Horrocks, 1994). The role of the father in the masculine identity is seen as crucial by psychoanalysts. Horrocks (1994) sees the role of fathering as an introduction to manhood, the introduction to a role that has previously been shrouded in mystery. While there are some initiation rights and ceremonies in some cultures, overall, and especially in western societies, it is not particularly strong. There has actually been a disconnect between the son and his father, now the father heads out to work everyday and no longer has a chance to bond with his son. Horrocks (1994) sees one of the most important functions of the father as to show the young boy that it is possible to live with the mother, to have conflict, fear and guilt, but still to live together. It is through the father-son relationship that the boy can learn that it is possible to live a civilised existence without continual recourse to violence and satiation of primitive longings. The damaged modern male, the male in crisis, is seen by Horrocks (1994) as unfathered. Women are viewed as dangerous to have a relationship is to have a bat tle and the man must draw himself away from women from time to time to maintain his safety. By never really making a strong connection, the modern man in crisis feels damaged and abused and uses the methods of abuse and damage to relate to others because he knows no other way. This analysis of the Oedipal complex and its effects, as well as the possibility of transcendence, actually describes a rather prototypical interaction between the young boy and his caregiver. Blazina (2004) describes how some criticisms and refinements of this model have been made by subsequent theorists. Bergman (1995), for example, has argued that it is not necessarily with the mother the boy should be disidentifying. There are many situations where the father is actually the provider of the most emotional nurturance. In this case it is better to see the individuation as occurring with the primary caregiver rather than the mother. Blazina (2004) also maintains that there should not be such emphasis on the cutting off of the other identity. Where the other identity is feminine, there is now greater acceptability of feminine qualities in men so these can be integrated into male identity without compromising maleness. For the crisis in masculinity, Freuds conception of the castration complex is of great interest. Freud (1925) theorised that the castration complex had the follOWing stages. Firstly a boy guesses from the evidence of his own anatomy that everyone has a penis. Secondly he finds out that women do not have penises and assumes that they have been mutilated in some way. Thirdly when he begins to masturbate, he is told that he will be castrated. Fourthly, finding that the breast has already been removed, summarises that the penis will be next. Finally, the Oedipus complex is destroyed by this threat of castration. According to Horrocks (1994), Freud saw this sequence of events as concrete, whereas many psychoanalysts now see this in more allegorical terms, as mediated by culture and society. Through gender, both men as well as women are denied a whole world of being, the world of the other gender. After the process of partitioning men and women both feel a sense of loss at the things that they will not be able to experience. In men this castration complex expresses itself in a variety of different ways. Men have a desire for love, a fear of their own sexuality, and, in particular, a fear of their own anger. Horrocks (1994) describes how, as a psychotherapist, many men talk about their fear that their anger will be exposed to the world. To stop this, they have to bottle it up and repress the emotion. As a result, in heterosexual men, this is recognised by the women with whom they have relationships and they are rendered impotent and asexual. A man who acts in this way behaves passive aggressively ¿Ã‚ ½ he is motivated to manipulate those around him by his anger. This prohibits a direct connection with other people because his relationships are based on manipulation. The result of this is that feelings are kept inside and denied. A similar problem is seen, in Horrocks experience, in macho men. The castration of the macho man leaves him profoundly afraid of expressing his own feelings. This denies him the possibility of acting emotionally in any situation as this will simply reveal his weakness as he sees it. It is the emotional parts of himself that this man hates and wants to hide away the feminine parts of him are an embarrassment. By being cut-off from his own feelings, the psychologically castrated man experiences an emptiness within himself that he attempts to fill with methods that will never work. The emptiness inside is often experienced as a dead feeling, almost of death itself. It is precisely this almost death from which, Horrocks argues, many men in the crisis of masculinity are suffering. Without the connection with his own emotions, or those of anyone else, he is only half a man, not able to experience himself or others properly, safely cocooned within an empty world. Within Freuds writings, woman were theorised to suffer from envy of the male penis, but Freud did not acknowledge the possibility of men being envious of the female breast. The male-centred idea that penis envy is fundamental to psychoanalysis is attacked by the introduction of the idea of breast envy. Klein (1975), for example, has pointed out that both male and female children have very strong feelings towards the breast both are attracted to it and both want to destroy it. Instead of defining both sexes in terms of the penis one having and the other jealous a reciprocal envy provides balance that acknowledges the lacuna in mens lives as well. The breast does, after all provide, not only nourishment, but also love to the child, and so a womans breast is a symbol of these qualities. Horrocks (1994) argues that men have a strong desire to return to the breast, to return to the originator of life and at the same time men attack the breast and want to destroy it. Melanie Klein posited that the idea of womb envy was also an important component in the male psyche. Minsky (1995) describes how the Kleinian viewpoint sees the development of male power as being rooted in the fear of the womb. Like the young boys envy of his mothers breasts, he also becomes envious of her womb and the power it has to create new life. To make up for this envy, men are forced to concentrate their efforts on cultural and creative efforts and to suppress womens forays into the same field. Minsky (1995) explains that it is the phallus that then saves men and provides a distraction from the envy of the womb. Lacan has a different take on the Oedipus complex. He sees the father not as a real father but as a representation or a metaphor for culture (Lacan, 2004). It is through the young boys experience of cultural factors such as language that he is pulled away from the mother. The mother represents desire for Lacan and so culture, through the representation of the father, pulls the boy from what he desires. This cutting off is like a castration and the child then attempts to substitute this with a search for truth (Minsky, 1995). Many of these psychoanalytical ideas about the roots of a crisis in masculinity are analysed in social theories in terms of a conflict in gender roles. ONeil, Helms, Gable, David, Wrightsman (1986) have defined gender role conflict as where socialised gender roles have an adverse psychological effect which causes a restrictive effect on the self through barriers created around personal creativities and freedom. ONeil et al. (1986) identify four different types of role conflict. There is a restriction in the range of internal emotionality; similarly, there is a restriction in the types of emotional behaviour that are possible towards other men ¿Ã‚ ½ this results in an inability to communicate feelings. Personal achievement and constant comparison to what others have creates a constant sense of fear and worry. There is a conflict between the requirements of work and those of the family which results in stress and health problems, and a simple lack of time to relax. Evidence to support these ideas of role conflicts has come, for example, from Sharpe Heppner (1991) who found a connection between role conflict and problems with intimate relationships. Watts Borders (2005) point out, though, that many of these studies have not been carried out in younger, adolescent boys. In rectifying this hole in the research, Watts Borders (2005) investigated role conflict in adolescent boys. Their findings were in line with the theories put forward by ONeil et at. (1986). The boys in their study said they found there was a societal pressure to restrict their emotionality, both internally and between themselves and other boys. Further they theorised that many of the boys had only been exposed to a very limited range of emotions from male role models ¿Ã‚ ½ indeed many denied experiencing any emotions other than anger. Cultural theories, which intersect with Lacans ideas, are also important in how the crisis in masculinity has been studied. Whitehead (2002) considers arguments that have been played out in the public domain. Firstly he considers the publication of Stiffed: The Betrayal of Modern Man (Faludi, 2000). The thesis of this book is that it is now the male who finds himself objectified and the subject of much sexist consumer culture. In addition the mans secure attachments and relationships with the world of work are no longer as strong and exclusive as they once were. Men seem also, in Faludis view, to be failing to fight back against the new culture, failing to take on this creeping emasculation. Now that feminism has attacked the patriarchal systems of power and control, masculinity has been left undermined and unsure. The rise of feminism has surely encouraged many men to question how they view women ¿Ã‚ ½ and then apparently left them confused. Faludi (2000) places the blame for this crisis in masculinity at the door of culture and encourages them to work together to combat it. While the argument has some elements of truth, quite how men and women are supposed to step outside of culture is not clear. Without men and women, there is no culture people are intimately bound up with it and part of it. The second set of arguments centre around research carried out by Professor Richard Scase as part of the European Commissions Futures Programme (Scase, 1999). This research found that many women are choosing to live alone as their opportunities in the workplace increase and especially as the roles they can adopt widen. It is hypothesised that this is having a knock-on effect on men who find it difficult to cope with this new situation. Evidence for this is in the rising rates of suicide  ¿Ã‚ ½between 1991 and 1997 they have increased by 60%. Social research finds that men are choosing to remain living at home rather than move out on their own (Office of National Statistics, 2000). Whitehead (2002) sees this as evidence that men are failing to cope with the new challenges they are facing. Further cultural and social evidence that men are in crisis is prOVided by Beynon (2001). Relying heavily on role theory, Beynon (2001) points to the changes in work patterns particularly the fact that less than half the men over 55 are in work. There is also a sense in which these men are caught between attempting to maintain the old-style macho posturing and the new-man type behaviour requiring a man to be in touch with his feelings. Beynon (2001) claims that generally men are less likely to a breakdown, Be of divorces. S . a ~_ C 0 ogical or physical illness which faces them. In marital a::> es, the man is normally most responsible, with women starting 75% of ten men move out of the marital home after the breakdown of a e er, is probably more of an artefact of the legal system and simple ietment on men. Apart from anything else, men generally die younger and e e y to suffer from heart disease. e g facts and figures continue through both crime and education and other major areas of  ¿Ã‚ ½;e. _.en crimes are mostly committed by men, indeed it is men who are mostly the victims of e crime, and so it is violence that is seen as an important component of masculinity. itehead (2002) sees this violence discourse as having a powerful effect on peoples attitudes to men. Men are seen as being unable to cope with the demands of modern life, especially those men on the social and economic fringes, and so the resort to violence is only natural. Within education, in the schools, male performance is significantly lower then female. Despite much theoretical attentior as well as some evidence from research on role theories and other areas, there has been a far degree of criticism of the idea of a crisis in masculinity. Writers have asked whether the crisis of gender is anything new. Mangan (1997) (as cited in Whitehead, 2002) argues that masculinity, li e femininity is constantly in crisis, constantly changing and adapting to new circumstances. Indeed, some of the fundamental ideas from psychoanalysis support the idea that masculinity is always a matter of crisis men will always have to cope with breast envy, womb en and a castration complex. This question aside though, some commentators have asked if t ere is really anything to explain at all with the rise of feminism, men have suffered a loss of power relative to women and are trying to cope with that loss, some less successf J t an others. Whitehead (200l) suggests that the crisis in masculinity is, in reality, an iHuson co ned to academic journals and has no meaning for people in the real world. Heartfield (2002), in arguing against a crisis of masculinity, talks of the fetishising of sexual difference, an exaggera ion of the differences between men and women. Heartfield (2002) suggests that it is instead the working classes that are in crisis, not men in general. These ideas are far removed from those that come from psychoanalysis where many of the roots of future struggle are born in that difference. In conclusion, psychoanalytical ideas about the crisis in masculinity are grounded in the biological differences between the sexes and how these are dealt with psychologically. Other psychoanalysts and Lacanian ideas have taken these literal conflicts and, to some extent, moved them away from a focus on biological difference and introduced more cultural and social ideas. Social and cultural theories provide a wide variety of, and some reasons for, a possible crisis in masculinity. In particular, the use of role theory has provided an important analysis. Despite using the language of role conflict, the male preoccupations and problems described by role theory have many things in common with those arrived at by psychoanalytical means. Nevertheless, many authors have questioned whether this crisis in masculinity really exists and whether it is anything new

Galileos Work :: essays research papers

Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy. In 1570 his family relocated to Florence. Galileo pioneered "experimental scientific method" and was the first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries. In 1581, Galileo studied at the University of Pisa. There he became interested in the workings of science and concluded that the period (the time in which a pendulum swings back and forth) does not depend on the arc of the swing (the isochronisms). In 1609 Galileo learned of the invention of the telescope in Holland. From the barest description he constructed a vastly superior model. Galileo made a series of profound discoveries using his new telescope, including that the moon has craters, valleys, and mountains much like the Earth’s terrain. He also was able to see four small lights orbiting around the planet Jupiter. He was then able to conclude that it too was moons. Galileo was also able to discover that the planet Venus had phases much like our Moon. As a professor of astronomy at University of Pisa, Galileo was required to teach the accepted theory of his time that the sun and all the planets revolved around the Earth. Later at University of Padua he was exposed to a new theory, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, that the Earth and all the other planets revolved around the sun. Galileo's observations with his new telescope convinced him of the truth of Copernicus's sun-centered or heliocentric theory. In 1610, Galileo published a book, The Starry Messenger, describing his findings that supported the Copernican theory. Galileo's support for the heliocentric theory got him into trouble with the Roman Catholic Church. He was forced to abandon his astronomical pursuits. But, Galileo retaliated by publishing a book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. This book cause more arguments with the church due to it were in Italian which was a direct conflict with the church. In 1633 the Inquisition convicted him of heresy and forced him to recant (publicly withdraw) his support of Copernicus. They sentenced him to life imprisonment, but because of his advanced age allowed him serve his term under house arrest at his villa outside of Florence, Italy. It was not until 1992 that the church publicly forgave Galileo. But due to the timeframe, the damage had already been done.

Ethics of Compliance Southwest Essay

The purpose of this paper is to present, discuss, and examine the topic of ethical and social responsibility. It will discuss Southwest Airlines’ failure to comply with the Federal Aviation Administration’s rules on inspecting aircraft and what violations occurred. On March 6, 2008, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspectors submitted documents to the United States Congress, alleging that Southwest allowed 117 of its aircraft to fly carrying passengers despite the fact that the planes were â€Å"not airworthy† according to air safety investigators. In some cases, the planes were allowed to fly for up to 30 months after the inspection deadlines had passed, rendering them unfit to fly. Records indicate that thousands of passengers were flown on aircraft deemed unsafe by federal standards. Clearly, this is an issue tied to social responsibility and ethics at the highest level, ignoring the safety inspections put people’s lives in jeopardy. This situation actually began in 1988, when an Aloha Airlines Boeing 737 suffered an accident that killed a flight attendant. The top of the plane’s fuselage tore off, opening up a large section of the plane’s roof, killing the flight attendant. The accident occurred because of cracks in the plane’s fuselage. Since then, the FAA has required regular inspections of 737 fuselages to ensure an accident like this does not occur again. In 2007, two FAA inspectors began to question documentation and inspections at Southwest Airlines. They had reason to be concerned, because they felt their concerns were being ignored, and their supervisor was not investigating their complaints. FAA inspectors Bobby Boutris and Douglas Peters testified before Congress about their experiences, and asked for whistleblower status, meaning they could not be fired from their jobs because of their testimony. Boutris was the first to question records kept by Southwest about airplane inspections. In 2003, he was in charge of inspecting engines for the 737, and he could validate the Southwest’s reports. He told an NPR Radio reporter, â€Å"‘I had found a lot of inconsistencies with the records,’ Boutris says. They were different from aircraft to aircraft; it was very hard to determine compliance'† (Goodwyn, 2008). He notes that he complained to his supervisor, Douglas Gawadzinski, but he ignored Boutris’ complaints. In 2006, Boutris took over safety responsibility for the entire 737-700 series aircraft, and when he reviewed Southwest, he found the same recordkeeping problems he had uncovered in 2003. He notified his supervisor and wanted to send a le tter of investigation, again his supervisor Gawadzinski refused to acknowledge his concerns. Boutris believes it is because Gawadzinski had a close friendship with Paul Comeau, a former FAA employee who went to work for Southwest as their manager for regulatory compliance. Anything to do with Southwest and the FAA went through these two men, and Boutris believes they routinely covered up inspection irregularities or lack of inspections. Boutris continued to complain, and Southwest asked for him to be removed from their inspections. Reporter Goodwyn continues, â€Å"At first, Gawadzinski refused to remove Boutris. But it wasn’t long before the supervisory maintenance inspector told Boutris he was out and that his career was in jeopardy because there had been undisclosed complaints from anonymous Southwest officials† (Goodwyn, 2008). At this point, Douglas Peters, another FAA inspector, were brought in to review Boutris’ investigation into Southwest’s compliance. Goodwyn notes, â€Å"The more he looked into the matter, the more he agreed with Boutris that the flying public was in danger. Peters says the situation defied logic. ‘That something so critical †¦ would be not addressed †¦ I can’t explain it. It’s a mystery'† (Goodwyn, 2008). People from Southwest began to contact Gawadzinski directly, instead of going through Peters. Another reporter states, â€Å"The whistle-blowers complained repeatedly in memos written in 2007 that their concerns about Southwest were not being taken seriously. The underlying safety concern — the airline was unable to keep up with mandatory inspections — had been raised as early as 2003, one charged† (Levin, 2008). Finally, in March 2007, Southwest admitted to flying 47 737s without completing the problem fuselage inspections, which triggered a Congressional investigation. Even more disturbing, the airline continued to fly the planes even after disclosing they had not been inspected – it took almost a week to ground the planes. The two men testified before Congress in April 2008, and the FAA fined Southwest $10. 2 million for the blunders. Reporter Levin continues, â€Å"Last month, nearly a year after the initial problems were discovered, the FAA levied a $10. 2 million fine against Southwest. The vast majority of the fine was imposed because Southwest had certified that it stopped flying the planes as soon as it learned of the missed inspections, FAA officials said† (Levin, 2008). These are the basic facts and timeline of the case. The major overriding issue in this case is that the FAA and Southwest conspired to cover up inspection information, and they did so at passengers and crewmembers expense. The inspections were mandated because the FAA knew this particular plane had critical safety issues. By not inspecting planes and allowing them to continue flying, they were putting everyone on those planes in jeopardy, and they knew it. That is perhaps the biggest ethical concern of this case, that the company knew they had not completed checks, but continued to fly the planes anyway. One of the whistleblowers was told they did not ground the planes because it would â€Å"disrupt† Southwest’s service and flight schedule (Goodwyn, 2008). Every airline has a social responsibility to keep their passengers and crews as safe as possible. Flying is a relatively safe form of travel, however accidents do occur. Maintaining high maintenance and safety standards is simply the right thing to do in the transportation industry; it is the ethical, moral, and socially responsible choice. For an airline to lower those standards, especially because of worries about disruption of service, is simply incomprehensible. For example, the entire airline would be in jeopardy if one of the planes had crashed, and it was found to have been because of a crack that was not detected because of a missed inspection. Indeed, inspections on the aircraft did turn up cracks in some of the planes in question, cracks that had to be repaired before the airplanes took flight again (Wilber, 2008). Thus, Southwest put people in danger, and that is a major ethical violation that has not thoroughly been addressed in the media or by the airline itself. In addition, the FAA was compliant in this ethical transgression, because they allowed it to happen, calling into question the integrity of the organization that is supposed to be primarily concerned with airline safety and maintenance. If the agency doing the oversight is questionable, it brings the entire system into question. This issue should be studied further because it raises so many moral and ethical questions, and it should be studied because it seems, since there seem to be no lasting ramifications for the FAA, that it could happen again, which is even more disturbing. The stakeholders in this case are the people who fly on Southwest Airlines. Southwest damaged their reputation by letting down their stakeholders, and that is extremely disturbing. They put passenger safety in jeopardy over worries about income and disrupted flights, when their first concern should have been safety and only safety. This calls into question the entire integrity of the company. This is more than just the classical interpretation of right and wrong, it is a moral dilemma that should have had an extremely simple solution. Ground the planes, inspect them as quickly as possible, and get them back in the air. The fact that there was any other solution seen to the problem indicates just how unethical and morally irresponsible Southwest was, and the stakeholders should demand compensation for the threat this decision made to their safety. Southwest simply got lucky that one of the affected planes did not develop more serious issues, and the $10. 2 million dollar fine seems quite low in retrospect, considering the damage that could have occurred to people and property had a plane crashed. The economic responsibility of this situation is clear; Southwest had to pay a large fine and ground the planes, losing revenue anyway. Their reputation suffered, although it did not seem to make a dent in their passenger. Most people did not even seem to care that Southwest had endangered them and only a few spoke out in blogs or in other areas when the news broke. Southwest has a serious responsibility to keep its passengers and crews safe, and they lost the trust of at least some people because of their callous disregard for safety. That is a huge moral responsibility, and Southwest has never really acknowledged their failure, which is an even larger ethical concern, it seems. In a statement before Congress, Southwest CEO Gary Kelly said, â€Å"Our compliance with certain specific Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) airworthiness directives has been called into question. We have committed to a thorough review and to make any changes necessary to ensure that we are in full compliance with FAA airworthiness directives and our own maintenance programs, policies, and procedures† (Kelly, 2008). However, in previous testimony before Congress, Kelly and Southwest Executive Chairman Herb Kelleher both maintained that Southwest did comply with all FAA requirements, and the safety of passengers was never in question (Kelly, 2008). Thus, Southwest maintains they complied with all FAA regulations and did inspect the aircraft, only under a different maintenance directive than the one the two whistleblowers charged had not been done. It seems like a technicality, and that Southwest is not taking true moral or ethical responsibility for the incidents. They also stated that they did not think they would be fined for the maintenance issues, and it seems as if in their testimony, they were attempting to lay groundwork to fight a fine. However, they did eventually back down and stop contesting the fine, probably because they felt they looked bad enough already. Some recommendations for this case have already been completed. The FAA inspector, Gawadzinski, was transferred to another division, without contact with Southwest. Southwest placed several maintenance and safety personnel on leave, and developed new maintenance and safety guidelines. The two top executives maintain they did not know about the 2007 maintenance charges until March 2008, and as soon as they learned of them, they implemented stronger maintenance and communication directives so they would be notified and aware of any problems. These would have been at least some of the recommendations made in this case. Another would be for Southwest to undergo a major campaign to gain back the public’s trust, as many people would seem to have trust issues in flying on Southwest planes. This would include a media campaign that would address trust issues, and perhaps even a campaign including top executives flying on their own planes. This would not be too costly or difficult to administer, and it would let people know that the company is actually sorry about its actions and is going to be more responsible in the future. It also seems as if the company should apologize to their stakeholders and their crewmembers, not in front of Congress, but in front of them, and with humility. Frankly, their testimony and apology to Congress sounded defensive and insincere, and a true measure of humility might be to offer anyone who flew on those planes some type of compensation or personal apology to make the situation even a little bit more palatable. Of course, that would entail a large expense, but it would make their intentions a bit more acceptable. Finally, they have to be open and above board with their maintenance issues and they have to make quite certain there is nothing questionable about any of their practices. Their maintenance and safety department must be impeccable, and it must always be open to scrutiny not only by the FAA, but by the public, as well. They owe that, at the very least, to the people that choose to fly on Southwest Airlines. In conclusion, this case indicates how deeply ethical issues can affect a business. Allowing planes to fly uninspected is a terrible disservice to the passengers and crews of this airline. It indicates a deep-seated lack of respect for the public, the employees, and the agency created to maintain air travel safety. It also indicates an arrogance that the company can flaunt the system and win. Southwest Airlines has deeper issues than maintenance and safety. It has to take a strong look at its ethics and principles, and alter them to create a more socially responsible organization that respects and values the people it serves. Without a change, the organization will certainly suffer more ethical violations in the future.

The Gestapo Definition and History

The Gestapo was the secret police of Nazi Germany, a notorious organization tasked with destroying political opponents of the Nazi movement, suppressing any opposition to Nazi policies, and persecuting Jews. From its origins as a Prussian intelligence organization, it grew into a sprawling and greatly feared apparatus of oppression. The Gestapo investigated any person or organization suspected of opposing the Nazi movement. Its presence became pervasive in Germany and later in the countries the German military occupied. Key Takeaways: The Gestapo The greatly feared Nazi secret police had its origins as a Prussian police force.The Gestapo operated by intimidation. Using surveillance and interrogation under torture, the Gestapo terrorized entire populations.The Gestapo collected information on anyone suspected of opposing Nazi rule, and specialized in hunting down those targeted for death.As a secret police force, the Gestapo did not operate death camps, but it was generally instrumental in identifying and apprehending those who would be sent to the camps. Origins of the Gestapo The name Gestapo was a shortened form of the words Geheime Staatspolizei, meaning Secret State Police. The organizations roots can be traced to the civilian police force in Prussia, which was transformed following a right-wing revolution in late 1932. The Prussian police was purged of anyone suspected of sympathy to left-wing politics and Jews. When Hitler took power in Germany, he appointed one of this closest aides, Hermann Goering, as the minister of the interior in Prussia. Goering intensified the purge of the Prussian police agency, giving the organization powers to investigate and persecute enemies of the Nazi Party. In the early 1930s, as various Nazi factions maneuvered for power, the Gestapo had to compete with the SA, the Storm Troops, and the SS, the elite guard of the Nazis. After complicated power struggles among Nazi factions, the Gestapo was made part of the security police under Reinhard Heydrich, a fanatical Nazi originally hired by SS chief Heinrich Himmler to create an intelligence operation. Germany: Heinrich Himmler reviews German Gestapo Troopers. Bettmann  /  Getty Images Gestapo vs. the SS The Gestapo and the SS were separate organizations, yet shared the common mission of destroying any opposition to Nazi power. As both organizations were eventually headed by Himmler, the lines between them can appear blurred. In general, the SS operated as a uniformed military force, the elite shock troops enforcing Nazi doctrine as well as engaging in military operations. The Gestapo operated as a secret police organization, utilizing surveillance, coercive interrogation to the point of torture, and murder. Overlap between SS and Gestapo officers would occur. For instance, Klaus Barbie, the notorious head of the Gestapo in occupied Lyons, France, had been an SS officer. And information obtained by the Gestapo was routinely used by the SS in operations aimed at partisans, resistance fighters, and perceived enemies of the Nazis. In many operations, particularly in the persecution of Jews and the mass murder of The Final Solution, the Gestapo and the SS effectively operated in tandem. The Gestapo did not operate the death camps, but the Gestapo was generally instrumental in identifying and apprehending those who would be sent to the camps. Gestapo Tactics The Gestapo became obsessed with accumulating information. When the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany, an intelligence operation aimed at any potential enemies became a vital part of the party apparatus. When Reinhard Heydrich began his work for the Nazis in the early 1930s, he started keeping files on those he suspected of opposition to Nazi doctrine. His files grew from a simple operation in one office to an extensive network of files comprising information gathered from informers, wiretaps, intercepted mail, and confessions extracted from those taken into custody. As all German police forces were eventually brought under the auspices of the Gestapo, the prying eyes of the Gestapo seemed to be everywhere. All levels of German society were essentially under permanent investigation. When World War II began and German troops invaded and occupied other countries, those captive populations were also investigated by the Gestapo. The fanatical accumulation of information became the Gestapos greatest weapon. Any deviation from Nazi policy was quickly ferreted out and suppressed, usually with brutal methods. The Gestapo operated by intimidation. Fear of being taken in for questioning was often enough to stifle any dissent. The Gestapo arrest a group of Jewish men hiding in a cellar in Poland, circa 1939. Possibly a staged German propaganda photo. Keystone / Getty Images In 1939, the role of the Gestapo changed somewhat when it was effectively merged with the SD, the Nazi security service. By the early years of World War II, the Gestapo was operating essentially without any meaningful restraint. Gestapo officers could arrest anyone they suspected, question them, torture them, and send them off to imprisonment or concentration camps. In the occupied nations, the Gestapo waged war against resistance groups, investigating anyone suspected of resisting Nazi rule. The Gestapo was instrumental in perpetrating war crimes such as the taking of hostages to be executed in retaliation for resistance operations aimed at German troops. Aftermath The fearsome reign of the Gestapo ended, of course, with the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II. Many Gestapo officers were hunted down by the Allied powers and faced trials as war criminals. Yet many veterans of the Gestapo escaped punishment by blending in with the civilian population and eventually establishing themselves with new lives. Shockingly, in many cases Gestapo officers escaped any accountability for their war crimes because officials of the Allied powers found them useful. When the Cold War began, the Western powers were very interested in any information about European communists. The Gestapo had kept extensive files on communist movements and individual members of communist parties, and that material was considered valuable. In return for providing information to American intelligence agencies, some Gestapo officers were assisted in traveling to South America and beginning life with new identities. American intelligence officers operated what were known as ratlines, a system of moving former Nazis to South America. A famous example of a Nazi who escaped with American help was Klaus Barbie, who had been the Gestapo chief in Lyons, France. Barbie was eventually discovered living in Bolivia, and France sought to extradite him. After years of legal wrangling, Barbie was brought back to France in 1983 and put on trial. He was convicted of war crimes after a well-publicized trial in 1987. He died in prison in France in 1991. Sources: Aronson, Shlomo. Gestapo. Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Macmillan Reference USA, 2007, pp. 564-565.Browder, George C. Gestapo. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, edited by Dinah L. Shelton, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pp. 405-408. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Gestapo. Learning About the Holocaust: A Students Guide, edited by Ronald M. Smelser, vol. 2, Macmillan Reference USA, 2001, pp. 59-62. Gale Virtual Reference Library.